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Medically Reviewed

By

Chrysoula I. Liakou

MD, PhD, Internal Medicine Specialist and
Cancer Immunology Researcher.

What Is Cold?

The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, including your nose, throat, sinuses, and windpipe. It’s incredibly widespread, so we call it “common.” Adults typically catch two to three colds a year, while children may experience even more, especially in places like schools and playgrounds where germs spread quickly.

 

Colds are caused by over 200 viruses, with the rhinovirus being the most common culprit. These viruses are highly contagious and can spread quickly from person to person through the air when someone sneezes or coughs. They can also be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, as cold viruses can survive on surfaces for hours or even days.

Cold Causes

A cold is caused by a virus entering your body and affecting your upper respiratory system. Although over 200 different viruses can lead to cold symptoms, rhinoviruses are the most common cause. These viruses spread easily, especially when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets into the air. If you breathe in these droplets or come into contact with them, the virus can enter your body.

 

The virus can also spread through surfaces. If you touch an object, like a doorknob or a mobile phone, that’s been contaminated with the virus and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, you may become infected. This is why washing your hands regularly is important in preventing the spread of cold viruses.

 

Once a cold virus enters your body, your immune system springs into action to fight it. You might not notice any symptoms if your immune system is strong enough. But if your immune system cannot fully fight off the virus, you’ll start experiencing typical cold symptoms, like a runny nose, sore throat, and sneezing.

Cold Symptoms

When you catch a cold, the symptoms can be uncomfortable and make it difficult to complete your daily activities. They usually develop gradually within one to three days of exposure to the virus and can last up to 10 days. Here are the common and less common symptoms you might experience:

Common Cold Symptoms:

  • Sore Throat: Often the first sign, causing discomfort when swallowing.

  • Runny Or Stuffy Nose: Mucus build-up that can make breathing difficult.

  • Sneezing: A common way your body tries to clear your nasal passages.

  • Coughing: Can be dry or with mucus, depending on the stage of your cold.

  • Post-Nasal Drip: Mucus dripping down the back of your throat, irritating.

  • Watery Eyes: Often due to irritation in your nasal passages.

  • Headache: Caused by sinus pressure or congestion.

  • Mild Fever: More common in children but possible in adults.

Less Common Symptoms:

  • Fatigue Or Tiredness: Feeling generally run down and low on energy.

  • Body Aches: Mild muscle pain throughout the body.

  • Chills: Feeling cold even when it’s not chilly outside.

  • Loss Of Smell Or Taste: Temporary and usually linked to nasal congestion.

  • Chest Discomfort: A tight or uncomfortable feeling in the chest.

If your symptoms worsen or don’t improve after 10 days, it may be time to see a healthcare provider to rule out more serious conditions or infections.

Cold Treatment

There is no cure for the common cold, but several ways exist to manage your symptoms and make yourself feel better while your body fights off the virus. Treatment options include over-the-counter medications and home remedies.

Over-The-Counter Medications

  • Decongestants: These help reduce nasal congestion, making it easier to breathe.

  • Antihistamines: Useful for easing a runny nose and preventing sneezing.

  • Pain Relievers: Medicines like ibuprofen and aspirin can reduce fever, ease headaches, and relieve body aches. Always check the label for proper dosing, especially if you’re taking multiple medications to avoid overuse of any one type.

Be cautious if you have high blood pressure, as some decongestants can narrow blood vessels, affecting blood flow. In that case, consult your doctor before using them.

Home Remedies

  • Stay Hydrated: Drinking fluids, especially water, helps thin mucus and keep you hydrated. Warm drinks like tea with honey can soothe a sore throat.

  • Rest: Your body needs energy to fight off the virus. Try to get extra sleep, and prop your head up with pillows to help with congestion.

  • Inhale Steam: Breathing in warm steam can relieve a blocked nose. Try a hot shower or using a bowl of hot water.

  • Saltwater Gargle: Gargling with salt water can soothe a scratchy or sore throat.

  • Vapor Rub: Applying vapor rub to your chest can open up your airways and reduce coughing.

Some natural remedies, like zinc lozenges and echinacea, may also help shorten the duration of a cold if taken at the earliest signs. However, not all home remedies have strong scientific backing, so use them carefully.

If your symptoms last longer than 10 days, become severe, or include a high fever, it’s a good idea to see a doctor. For any trouble breathing or severe symptoms, seek immediate medical attention.

Cold Prevention

Preventing a cold can be tricky because so many different viruses can cause it, but there are ways to reduce your risk and stop the spread of germs. Here are some practical tips:

  • Wash Your Hands Frequently: Use soap and water, scrubbing for at least 20 seconds. If soap isn't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.

  • Avoid Close Contact With Sick People: Keep your distance from anyone unwell, especially in crowded places like schools or offices.

  • Keep Your Hands Away From Your Face: Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, as this can transfer viruses into your body.

  • Cover Coughs And Sneezes: Use a tissue to cover your mouth and nose, then throw it away immediately and wash your hands. If a tissue isn’t available, sneeze into your upper sleeve, not your hands.

  • Maintain A Healthy Diet: Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to support your immune system. Foods rich in probiotics, like yoghurt, can also be helpful for gut health.

  • Keep Surfaces Clean: Regularly disinfect surfaces at home, work, or school to stop the spread of germs.

  • Take Care Of Your Gut: Include bacteria-rich foods or consider a daily probiotic supplement to boost overall health.

  • Avoid Touching Common Objects: Be mindful of frequently touched surfaces, like door handles, and wash your hands afterward.

Following these tips can significantly reduce your risk of catching a cold and keep you feeling your best. Mobi Doctor can help you manage and treat cold symptoms from the comfort of your home, providing expert advice and care through easy online consultations. Get personalised treatment plans and support without needing to visit a clinic.

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