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Pregnancy-Related Conditions: See a Doctor Online

Pregnancy brings its own health problems, from sickness, heartburn and itching to swelling, pain and worry. A licensed doctor can assess them by video, tell you what is normal, prescribe treatment suitable for your stage of pregnancy, and recognise the warning signs that need your maternity unit. For heavy bleeding, sudden severe tummy pain, chest pain or a seizure, call 112.

  • Licensed doctors by video, daily 7am–11pm CET, usually within 15 minutes
  • If the doctor prescribes, use the prescription at a pharmacy near you
  • Full refund if your doctor decides you need to be seen in person

Speak with a doctor: live video assessment, advice and treatment.

A prescription is never issued without a consultation.

On this page What is worrying you? At a glance Warning signs By trimester Serious complications Medicines Infections and food When to see a doctor When to get in-person care Can an online doctor help? Health tools Conditions How Mobi Doctor works Frequently asked questions Sources
Medically reviewed

Dr. Chrysoula I. Liakou MD, PhD Google Scholar LinkedIn

Internal Medicine Specialist
Cancer Immunology Researcher
Last reviewed
Key facts
  • Treated online: Partly. Of the 41 pregnancy pages on Mobi Doctor, 28 are usually treated or managed online, 1 is partly treated online, and 12 are assessed online, with care from your maternity team.
  • Most common: sickness affects around 8 in 10 pregnant women; tiredness, heartburn, constipation and swollen ankles are common too.
  • Medicines: paracetamol is usually the first-choice painkiller; ibuprofen is not advised unless a doctor prescribes it, and a prescribed medicine is never stopped without advice.
  • Warning signs: your baby moving less, a severe headache with vision problems or sudden swelling, leaking fluid, or regular tightenings before 37 weeks: contact your maternity unit straight away.
  • Emergency: call 112 for heavy bleeding, sudden severe tummy pain, chest pain or sudden breathlessness, a seizure, or collapse.
Emergency signs: act now, do not book an appointment

Call 112 or go to an emergency department for heavy vaginal bleeding; sudden, severe tummy pain, especially with shoulder tip pain or feeling faint; chest pain, sudden breathlessness or coughing up blood; a seizure; or collapse. Contact your maternity unit straight away, at any hour, if your baby is moving less than usual, you have a severe headache with vision problems or sudden swelling, fluid is leaking from your vagina, or you have regular tightenings before 37 weeks. In early pregnancy, an early pregnancy unit or a doctor sees bleeding and pain.

What is worrying you in your pregnancy?

Choose what fits best. Each page explains what is normal, what helps, what a doctor can do online, and the signs that need your maternity unit.

Gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, blood clots and every other page are in the full list of pregnancy conditions.

Pregnancy conditions at a glance

The table lists every pregnancy page on Mobi Doctor: what each condition usually looks like and how much of its care works online. 28 of the 41 are usually treated or managed online, hyperemesis gravidarum is partly treated online, and 12 are assessed online, with the diagnosis and treatment given by your maternity team.

Pregnancy conditions: what each usually looks like, and online care
ConditionWhat it usually looks likeOnline care
Implantation BleedingLight pink or brown spotting around the time a period is dueHandled online
Chemical PregnancyA positive test, then a period-like bleed or a negative test, usually by 5 weeksHandled online
MiscarriageBleeding and cramps before 24 weeks, most often in the first 13 weeksAssessed online
Ectopic PregnancyPain on one side, bleeding or shoulder tip pain, usually between weeks 4 and 12Assessed online
Bleeding in PregnancySpotting or bleeding at any stage, which always needs checkingAssessed online
Morning SicknessNausea and vomiting, usually from weeks 4 to 7, settling by 16 to 20 weeksTreated online
Hyperemesis GravidarumVomiting so severe that you cannot eat and drink normallyPartly online
Indigestion and Heartburn in PregnancyBurning behind the breastbone, more common from 12 weeksHandled online
Constipation in PregnancyHard or infrequent stools, common in pregnancyHandled online
Haemorrhoids in PregnancyItching, soreness and bright red streaks on the paperHandled online
Round Ligament PainA sharp, brief pain low in the bump or groin, usually in the second trimesterHandled online
Braxton Hicks ContractionsIrregular tightenings across the bump, most common towards the end of pregnancyHandled online
Pelvic Girdle PainPain at the front or back of the pelvis when walking, on stairs or turning in bedHandled online
Pre-eclampsiaHigh blood pressure after 20 weeks, sometimes with a headache, vision problems or swellingAssessed online
High Blood Pressure in PregnancyReadings of 140/90 or above, often found at antenatal checksAssessed online
Gestational DiabetesHigh blood sugar that develops in pregnancy, often without symptomsAssessed online
Cholestasis of PregnancyItching without a rash, often of the palms and soles, usually after 28 weeksAssessed online
Breathing Problems in PregnancyBreathlessness, which is common, and the sudden kind, which is notAssessed online
Heart Problems in PregnancyPalpitations, chest pain, or a known heart condition in pregnancyAssessed online
Dizziness and Faintness in PregnancyLight-headedness when standing up or lying flat, and faintsAssessed online
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) in PregnancyPain, swelling or warmth in one leg: a possible blood clotAssessed online
Swelling (Oedema) in PregnancySwollen ankles, feet and fingers, and the sudden swelling that needs checkingAssessed online
Varicose Veins in PregnancyBulging, aching veins that usually improve after birthHandled online
Itchy Skin in PregnancyItching with or without a rash, and the pattern that needs blood testsHandled online
Rashes in PregnancyItchy bumps, often in stretch marks, and the rashes that need urgent careHandled online
Eczema in PregnancyDry, itchy, inflamed patches of skinHandled online
Stretch Marks in PregnancyStreaks on the bump, breasts or thighsHandled online
Hay Fever in PregnancySneezing, a blocked nose and itchy eyes in pollen seasonHandled online
Asthma in PregnancyWheezing or breathlessness, and keeping inhalers going safelyHandled online
UTI in PregnancyBurning or stinging when you pee, needing to go urgently, cloudy urineHandled online
Thrush in PregnancyItching and a thick white dischargeHandled online
Vaginal Irritation in PregnancyItching, soreness or swelling of the vulvaHandled online
Breast Pain in PregnancyTender, heavy breasts, and the hot, red patch of mastitisHandled online
Nipple Discharge in PregnancyLeaking colostrum, which is normal, and discharge that needs checkingHandled online
Earache and Ear Infections in PregnancyEar pain, a blocked ear or dischargeHandled online
Sinusitis in PregnancyA blocked nose, facial pain and pressureHandled online
Sore Throat in PregnancyA painful throat, usually with a coldHandled online
Depression in Pregnancy and After BirthLow mood, loss of interest or hopelessness that does not liftHandled online
Mood Swings in PregnancyTears, irritability and ups and downs, and when they are more than hormonesHandled online
Insomnia in PregnancyTrouble getting to sleep or staying asleepHandled online
Tiredness in PregnancyExhaustion, most common in the first 12 weeks and late in pregnancyHandled online

What each online-care label means is explained under online care in pregnancy.

Pregnancy warning signs: when to get help

Heavy bleeding, sudden severe pain, chest pain, sudden breathlessness, a seizure or collapse mean 112. Your baby moving less, a severe headache with vision problems or sudden swelling, leaking fluid or regular tightenings before 37 weeks mean your maternity unit straight away, at any hour.

Pregnancy warning signs, what they can mean and what to do
Warning signWhat it can meanWhat to do
Heavy bleeding, or bleeding with severe pain, shoulder tip pain or feeling faintEctopic pregnancy, miscarriage or a problem with the placentaCall 112
Chest pain, sudden breathlessness or coughing up bloodA blood clot in the lungsCall 112
A seizure (fit) or collapseEclampsia or another emergencyCall 112
Your baby moving less than usual, or a change in the patternYour baby may be unwellMaternity unit straight away, even at night
A severe headache, vision problems, pain below the ribs or sudden swelling of the face, hands or feetPre-eclampsiaMaternity unit straight away
Fluid leaking from the vaginaYour waters breakingMaternity unit straight away
Regular tightenings or period-like pains before 37 weeksPremature labourMaternity unit straight away
Severe tummy pain, or pain that does not ease after resting for 30 to 60 minutesA problem that needs checking, such as the placenta coming awayMaternity unit straight away; 112 if severe
Pain, swelling or warmth in one legA blood clot (DVT)Urgent assessment through your maternity unit
Any bleeding or spottingOften harmless, but it always needs checkingGet medical advice the same day
Itching of the palms and soles, without a rashCholestasis of pregnancyGet medical advice the same day
Vomiting so often you cannot keep fluids down, or very dark urineHyperemesis gravidarum, with dehydrationGet medical advice the same day
A temperature of 38°C or aboveAn infectionGet medical advice the same day
Pain or burning when you pee, with fever, back pain or shiveringA kidney infectionUrgent in-person care
Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby, or feeling hopelessA mental health crisisUrgent help now; 112 if you might act on them

Where to go depends on how far along you are

  • Up to 12 weeks: a doctor or an early pregnancy unit.
  • From 12 to 19 weeks: your midwife or an early pregnancy unit.
  • From 20 weeks: your midwife or maternity unit, at any hour.
  • At any stage, in an emergency: 112.

An online doctor can help you judge how urgent a symptom is and where to go, but never stands between you and these services.

Common pregnancy problems, trimester by trimester

Sickness, tiredness and sore breasts are most common in the first trimester; heartburn, ligament twinges and skin changes in the second; and tightenings, pelvic pain, swelling and poor sleep in the third. Most are normal, but each has a warning version.

First trimester: weeks 1 to 12

Second trimester: weeks 13 to 27

Third trimester: weeks 28 to 40

Serious pregnancy complications: how common are they?

The serious complications of pregnancy include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, severe sickness, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, cholestasis, blood clots, placenta praevia, premature labour and mental illness. Each has its own warning signs, and several are picked up at routine antenatal checks and scans.

Serious pregnancy complications: how common they are and the signs to know
ComplicationHow commonSigns to knowRead more
MiscarriageAt least 1 in 5 women have one in the first 13 weeksBleeding, cramps, passing tissue
Ectopic pregnancyAbout 1 in 90 pregnanciesPain on one side, bleeding, shoulder tip pain
Hyperemesis gravidarumAbout 1 to 3 in 100 pregnant womenVomiting so severe you cannot keep food or fluids down
Gestational diabetesAbout 1 in 8, a Diabetes UK estimateOften none; found by a glucose test
Pre-eclampsiaAbout 1 to 5 in 100 pregnanciesHigh blood pressure after 20 weeks, a severe headache, vision problems, sudden swelling
Cholestasis of pregnancyAbout 7 in 1,000 in the UKItching without a rash, often of the palms and soles
Blood clots1 to 2 in 1,000 women in pregnancy or the 6 weeks after birthPain or swelling in one leg; sudden breathlessness or chest pain
Placenta praeviaAbout 1 in 200 at the end of pregnancyPainless bleeding later in pregnancy
Premature labourAbout 8 in 100 babies are born before 37 weeksRegular tightenings, period-like pains or waters breaking before 37 weeks
Perinatal mental illnessUp to 26 in 100 new and expectant mothersLow mood, anxiety, thoughts of harming yourself

Deaths in pregnancy are rare: between 2021 and 2023, about 13 in every 100,000 women giving birth in the UK died during pregnancy or in the 6 weeks after it. Blood clots remained the leading cause, and mental health problems, including suicide, were the leading cause of death from 6 weeks to a year after birth. That is why sudden breathlessness, a painful swollen leg and thoughts of self-harm are never something to wait on.

Medicines in pregnancy: what is usually safe?

Paracetamol is usually the first-choice painkiller in pregnancy. Ibuprofen is not advised unless a doctor prescribes it, especially after 20 weeks. Folic acid and vitamin D are recommended, vitamin A supplements are not, and a prescribed medicine is never stopped without advice.

Common medicines and supplements in pregnancy, and what to know
MedicineIn pregnancyWhat to know
ParacetamolUsually the first-choice painkillerUse it for the shortest time you need it; the UK medicines regulator found no evidence that it causes autism
Ibuprofen and other anti-inflammatory painkillersNot advised unless a doctor prescribes themAfter 20 weeks they can cause complications for the baby, such as less fluid around the baby
Codeine-containing painkillersAvoided unless a doctor prescribes themCheck with a pharmacist or doctor before any combined painkiller
AntihistaminesSome can be used, such as loratadineAsk a pharmacist or doctor which suits you, and say you are pregnant
Antacids and alginates for heartburnUsually suitableTell the pharmacist you are pregnant, and take them at least 2 hours apart from iron or folic acid
Folic acidRecommended every day until 12 weeksStart as soon as you know you are pregnant, if you did not before
Vitamin DRecommended every dayEspecially from September to March
Vitamin A supplements, cod liver oil and liverAvoidToo much vitamin A can harm your baby
Herbal and natural remediesNot all are safeCheck with a pharmacist or doctor first
Medicines you take regularlyKeep taking them unless a doctor advises otherwiseNever stop a prescribed medicine without checking with your doctor first

Is paracetamol in pregnancy linked to autism?

There is no evidence that it causes autism. In September 2025 the UK medicines regulator, the MHRA, said there is no evidence that taking paracetamol in pregnancy causes autism in children, that paracetamol remains the recommended pain relief in pregnancy when used as directed, and that untreated pain and fever can themselves pose risks to the baby.

An online doctor checks every medicine against how many weeks pregnant you are and what you already take. Controlled medicines are never prescribed online.

Infections, food and vaccines in pregnancy

A few infections matter more in pregnancy, among them listeria, toxoplasmosis, chickenpox, rubella and CMV. Simple food and hygiene habits lower the risk, and the whooping cough, flu and RSV vaccines protect you and your baby.

Food and drink

  • Avoid unpasteurised milk and dairy, and cook soft cheeses with a white rind and soft blue cheeses until steaming hot; hard cheeses are fine.
  • Avoid raw or undercooked meat, and cook cured meats such as salami and chorizo until steaming hot.
  • Avoid liver and liver products, which contain high levels of vitamin A.
  • Avoid raw shellfish, and swordfish, shark and marlin; eat no more than 2 portions of oily fish a week.
  • Wash fruit and vegetables well to remove any soil.
  • Avoid alcohol: the safest choice is none at all.
  • Keep caffeine low: no more than about 2 mugs of instant coffee a day, counting tea, cola and energy drinks too.

Infections

  • If you have not had chickenpox, or are not sure, and you are in contact with someone who has it, speak to a doctor or your midwife immediately: a blood test shows whether you are immune.
  • Contact with rubella (German measles), or a new rash: speak to a doctor or your midwife as soon as possible. The MMR vaccine cannot be given in pregnancy.
  • Contact with slapped cheek syndrome: a doctor can test whether you are immune, and in most cases the baby is not affected.
  • Toxoplasmosis: avoid emptying cat litter trays, or wear gloves and wash your hands afterwards; wear gloves for gardening; and avoid lambing ewes and newborn lambs.
  • CMV: wash your hands often, avoid kissing young children on the face, and do not share their food, cutlery or drinks.

Vaccines

  • Whooping cough: usually at 20 weeks, possible from 16 weeks, and best before 32 weeks.
  • Flu: the inactivated seasonal flu vaccine is recommended in pregnancy.
  • RSV: offered around your 28-week appointment, and possible later, up to labour.

To see how much flu, COVID-19 and RSV is going around, check the flu tracker.

When should I see a doctor in pregnancy?

Book a consultation if:

  • it burns or stings when you pee
  • you have itching, soreness or a change in vaginal discharge
  • sickness is stopping you eating, drinking or working
  • heartburn, constipation or piles are not settling with pharmacy remedies
  • you have a rash, eczema, or itchy skin with a rash
  • a cold, cough, earache, sinus pain or sore throat is not getting better
  • pelvic or back pain is making walking, stairs or sleep hard
  • low mood, anxiety or poor sleep is affecting your days
  • you want to know whether a medicine is suitable to take, or to keep taking
  • you want a result explained, such as a glucose test or a blood pressure reading

An online consultation adds to your antenatal care: your midwife and maternity team still do your checks and scans, and the doctor tells you when you need them sooner.

When to get in-person care

Call 112 now for:

  • heavy vaginal bleeding
  • sudden, severe tummy pain, or shoulder tip pain with feeling faint or dizzy
  • chest pain, sudden breathlessness or coughing up blood
  • a seizure (fit), collapse or sudden confusion
  • thoughts of suicide that you might act on
  • signs that your baby is coming before you can get to hospital

Contact your maternity unit straight away, at any hour, for:

  • your baby moving less than usual, or a change in the pattern of movements
  • a severe headache, vision problems, pain below the ribs or sudden swelling of the face, hands or feet
  • fluid leaking from your vagina
  • regular tightenings or period-like pains before 37 weeks
  • vaginal bleeding, or tummy pain that does not ease with rest
  • pain, swelling or warmth in one leg

Before 20 weeks, an early pregnancy unit may see you for bleeding or pain instead.

Get medical advice the same day for:

  • itching of the palms and soles without a rash
  • a temperature of 38°C or above
  • vomiting so often you cannot keep fluids down, or very dark urine
  • pain or burning when you pee

Mobi Doctor consultations are for adults aged 18 and over. A child who is unwell needs a paediatrician or a local doctor in person, and emergency signs in a child mean 112.

Can an online doctor help in pregnancy?

Partly
Everyday pregnancy problems: advice and treatment online; complications: assessed online, cared for in person.

Partly. Many everyday problems of pregnancy, such as sickness, heartburn, constipation, a urine infection, thrush, skin problems, colds and low mood, can be assessed by video, with a prescription when a medicine suitable for pregnancy is the right answer. Of the 41 pregnancy pages on Mobi Doctor, 28 are usually treated or managed online, 1 is partly treated online, and 12, including pre-eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and gestational diabetes, are assessed online, with the diagnosis and treatment by your maternity team. An online doctor works alongside your midwife and never replaces your antenatal care.

What the doctor can do online

The doctor listens, looks at any photos you share and decides with you what helps. If a medicine is the right answer, the doctor prescribes it. If you need an examination, a test or urgent care, the doctor tells you where to go.

  • Medicines checked for pregnancy Every prescription is chosen for your stage of pregnancy, and what you already take is reviewed.
  • Everyday problems treated Sickness, heartburn, constipation, piles, urine infections, thrush, skin problems and colds.
  • Urgency judged Whether a symptom can wait for your midwife, or needs your maternity unit now.
  • Support for your mind Low mood, anxiety and sleep, with a route to perinatal mental health care when you need it.

What still needs in-person care

  • your antenatal checks, scans, blood tests and blood pressure monitoring
  • bleeding, which needs an early pregnancy unit or your maternity unit
  • care for pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and cholestasis, led by your maternity team
  • physiotherapy for pelvic girdle pain
  • any emergency: call 112

What the online-care labels mean

The online-care labels used on Mobi Doctor’s pregnancy pages
LabelWhat it meansPages
Treated onlineUsually assessed and treated by video, with a prescription when one is needed1: morning sickness
Handled onlineUsually managed online with advice, and treatment when it helps27, including UTI, thrush, heartburn and itchy skin
Partly onlineAssessed and partly treated by video, but part of the care, such as fluids and tests, is in person1: hyperemesis gravidarum
Assessed onlineAssessed by video, and the doctor tells you where to go; the diagnosis and treatment are with your maternity team12, including pre-eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and bleeding

Pregnant and unwell with an everyday problem? A doctor can check what is suitable to take in one consultation.

See available times →

Pregnancy health tools

Free tools on Mobi Doctor:

All pregnancy-related conditions

Many of these can be assessed and treated online. Each page covers what is normal, what helps, and the signs that need your maternity unit.

Each group also has an overview page:

Allergies and skin conditionsBreast problemsDigestive problemsEar, nose and throat problemsGynaecological problemsHeart and lungsMental health

How Mobi Doctor works

  1. Book a time that suits you: daily 7am–11pm CET. You can see a doctor over video, usually within 15 minutes. No subscription, and the exact price is shown before you pay.
  2. Speak to a licensed doctor about your pregnancy: say how many weeks pregnant you are, what is happening, and the medicines and supplements you take; show any rash on camera.
  3. Leave with a plan: what is suitable to take, what you can do yourself, and which signs mean your midwife or maternity unit. If the doctor prescribes, use the prescription at a pharmacy near you.
See available times →

No sign-up needed

Frequently asked questions about pregnancy conditions

What are the most common pregnancy complications?

Miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, severe sickness (hyperemesis gravidarum), gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, cholestasis of pregnancy, blood clots, placenta praevia, premature labour and mental health problems. Each has its own warning signs, and several are picked up at routine antenatal checks and scans.

What are the warning signs of a problem in pregnancy?

Bleeding, severe or lasting tummy pain, a severe headache with vision problems or sudden swelling, fluid leaking from the vagina, a fever, itchy palms and soles, and your baby moving less than usual. Contact your maternity unit straight away, and call 112 for heavy bleeding, chest pain, sudden breathlessness, a seizure or collapse.

What is the most serious complication of pregnancy?

In the UK, blood clots are the leading cause of death during pregnancy and the 6 weeks after birth, and mental health problems, including suicide, the leading cause from 6 weeks to a year after birth. Pre-eclampsia, ectopic pregnancy and heavy bleeding are emergencies too.

Is it normal to have cramps in early pregnancy?

Mild cramps are common, from stretching ligaments, constipation or trapped wind, and are probably nothing to worry about if they ease when you change position. Pain on one side, pain with bleeding or shoulder tip pain, or pain that does not ease with rest needs your early pregnancy unit or maternity unit straight away.

Can you take paracetamol when pregnant?

Yes. Paracetamol is usually the first-choice painkiller in pregnancy, used for the shortest time you need it. In September 2025 the UK medicines regulator, the MHRA, said there is no evidence that taking it in pregnancy causes autism in children.

Can you take ibuprofen while pregnant?

Not without a doctor's advice. Ibuprofen in pregnancy is not advised unless a doctor prescribes it, and after 20 weeks it can cause complications for the baby, such as less fluid around the baby. Paracetamol is usually the painkiller to use instead.

Can you take antihistamines when pregnant?

Some, yes. Loratadine is one that can be used in pregnancy, according to the UK Teratology Information Service. Ask a pharmacist or doctor which antihistamine suits you, and say that you are pregnant.

When should I worry about a headache in pregnancy?

Headaches are common in early pregnancy and usually improve. A severe headache, especially after 20 weeks or with vision problems, pain below the ribs, vomiting or sudden swelling, can be pre-eclampsia: contact your maternity unit straight away.

What should I do if my baby is moving less?

Contact your midwife or maternity unit straight away, even at night. Do not wait until the next day, and do not use a home heartbeat monitor to check: hearing a heartbeat does not mean your baby is well.

What foods should you avoid when pregnant?

Unpasteurised milk and dairy, soft cheeses with a white rind and soft blue cheeses unless cooked until steaming hot, raw or undercooked meat, liver, raw shellfish, and swordfish, shark and marlin. Limit oily fish and caffeine, and avoid alcohol.

Can you fly when pregnant?

Occasional flying is not harmful in an uncomplicated pregnancy. Most airlines do not allow flying after 37 weeks, and the risk of a blood clot rises with the length of the flight: walk regularly, drink water and wear compression stockings fitted for you.

Which vaccines are recommended in pregnancy?

Whooping cough, usually at 20 weeks and best before 32 weeks; the inactivated flu vaccine; and RSV, offered around 28 weeks.

Can an online doctor prescribe in pregnancy?

Yes, when a medicine suitable for your stage of pregnancy is the right answer, such as an antibiotic for a urine infection, an anti-sickness medicine or a treatment for thrush. The doctor checks how many weeks pregnant you are and what you already take. Controlled medicines are never prescribed online.

Can I see an online doctor instead of my midwife?

No. Antenatal checks, scans and blood pressure monitoring happen with your midwife and maternity team. An online doctor helps with the everyday problems in between, and tells you when you need your maternity team sooner.

Sources & further reading
  1. Pregnancy complications, NHS, National Health Service (UK).
  2. Common symptoms in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK).
  3. Pregnancy symptoms you need to get help for, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 24 June 2026.
  4. Pregnancy complications, Cleveland Clinic (US), reviewed 14 November 2022.
  5. Signs and symptoms of pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 29 December 2022.
  6. Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 17 February 2026.
  7. Stomach pain in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 18 November 2024.
  8. Headaches in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 2 April 2024.
  9. Indigestion and heartburn in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 14 November 2023.
  10. Swollen ankles, feet and fingers in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 19 April 2024.
  11. Common health problems in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 22 April 2024.
  12. Tiredness and sleep problems in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 11 March 2024.
  13. Your baby's movements, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 8 July 2024.
  14. Vomiting and morning sickness, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 17 April 2024.
  15. Severe vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum), NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 11 January 2023.
  16. Pregnancy sickness (nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum), RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, May 2024.
  17. Chemical pregnancy, Tommy's, reviewed 30 July 2026.
  18. Braxton Hicks contractions, Tommy's, reviewed 16 November 2023.
  19. Pelvic pain in pregnancy (pelvic girdle pain), NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 12 December 2022.
  20. Round ligament pain, NHS Fife (Scotland), published 21 October 2025.
  21. Early miscarriage: patient information, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, updated October 2026.
  22. Ectopic pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 23 August 2022.
  23. What causes gestational diabetes?, Diabetes UK, reviewed 16 February 2026.
  24. Gestational diabetes, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 8 December 2022.
  25. Pre-eclampsia: patient information, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, updated May 2026.
  26. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management (NG133), NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 25 June 2019, updated 17 April 2023.
  27. Kidney infection, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 13 February 2025.
  28. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: patient information, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2022, updated April 2026.
  29. Reducing the risk of venous thrombosis in pregnancy and after birth, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, August 2015.
  30. Placenta praevia, placenta accreta and vasa praevia, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, September 2018.
  31. Premature labour and birth, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 10 January 2024.
  32. Perinatal mental health, NHS England.
  33. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers' Care 2025: lay summary, MBRRACE-UK, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2025.
  34. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility while taking paracetamol, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 24 March 2026.
  35. MHRA confirms taking paracetamol during pregnancy remains safe and there is no evidence it causes autism in children, MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK), 22 September 2025.
  36. Use of ibuprofen in pregnancy, UKTIS, UK Teratology Information Service (bumps), March 2024.
  37. Use of loratadine in pregnancy, UKTIS, UK Teratology Information Service (bumps), May 2025.
  38. Medicines in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 5 September 2022.
  39. Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 1 September 2023.
  40. Foods to avoid in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 15 June 2026.
  41. Drinking alcohol while pregnant, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 13 March 2023.
  42. Infections that may affect your baby, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 9 April 2024.
  43. Toxoplasmosis, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 25 August 2023.
  44. Vaccinations in pregnancy, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 18 January 2023.
  45. Air travel and pregnancy, RCOG, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2016, updated January 2026.

This page is for information only and is not a substitute for a medical consultation. Guideline links are provided for transparency; treatment decisions are made with your doctor.

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