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What is wrong? At a glance Emergencies Most common Sore eyes and eye pain Eye tests Contact lenses Sun, pollen and travel Looking after your eyes When to see a doctor When to get in-person care Can an online doctor help? Health tools Conditions How Mobi Doctor works Frequently asked questions Sources
Dr. Chrysoula I. Liakou MD, PhD
- Treated online: Yes, for most. Of the 19 eye conditions on Mobi Doctor, 12 are usually treated or managed by video, 3 partly, and 4 are assessed online and need an eye examination in person.
- Red, sore eyes: usually conjunctivitis, allergy, dry eyes or blepharitis. Conjunctivitis usually gets better in a couple of weeks without treatment.
- Your vision: most adults should have an eye test every 2 years. Blurred vision that comes on suddenly needs urgent care.
- Contact lenses: a painful red eye in a lens wearer can be an infection of the cornea and needs an eye examination promptly.
- Emergency: call 112 for sudden loss of vision, a dark shadow or curtain across your vision, a painful red eye with blurred vision, a chemical in the eye, or an eye injury from something sharp or fast.
Call 112 or go to an emergency department for sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes, even if it comes back; a dark shadow or curtain moving across your vision, or flashes of light with a shadow; a painful red eye with blurred vision, or severe eye pain with coloured rings around lights, a headache or vomiting; a chemical in the eye, rinsing it with clean water while you wait; something that pierced the eye or hit it at high speed; or blurred or double vision with a drooping face, weakness or slurred speech.
What is wrong with your eye?
Choose what fits best. Each page covers the usual causes, what helps, what a doctor can do, and the signs that need urgent care.
- A red or bloodshot eyeCauses of a red eye, and when to worry
- Red, gritty, sticky eyesConjunctivitis
- Itchy, watery eyesItchy eyes and eye allergies
- Dry, gritty or burning eyesDry eye syndrome
- Sore, crusty eyelidsBlepharitis
- A painful lump on the eyelidEye styes
- A painless lump in the eyelidChalazion (meibomian cyst)
- A swollen or drooping eyelidEyelid problems
- An eyelid that keeps twitchingEye twitching
- A bright red patch on the white of the eyeBurst blood vessel in the eye
- Something in your eye, or a scratchScratched eye (corneal abrasion)
- Tired eyes and headaches after screensEye strain
- Blurred or double visionBlurred vision, and when it is urgent
- New floaters or flashes of lightEye floaters and flashes
- Sudden loss of vision, or a painful red eye with blurred visionEmergency eye signs: call 112
A painful red eye with sensitivity to light and blurred vision can be keratitis or uveitis, which need an urgent eye examination. A growth on the white of the eye is often a pinguecula or pterygium, painful eyes after strong sun on snow or water point to snow blindness, and glaucoma usually causes no symptoms until it is found at an eye test.
Common eye problems at a glance
The table lists every eye condition on Mobi Doctor: what each usually feels like and how much of its care works online. 12 of the 19 are usually treated or managed online. Blurred vision, new floaters and flashes, keratitis and uveitis are assessed online, because they need an eye examination in person.
| Condition | What it usually feels like | Online care | Read more |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red eye | A red or bloodshot eye; common causes are conjunctivitis, dry eyes, blepharitis and a burst blood vessel | Treated online | Red Eye |
| Conjunctivitis | Red, burning or gritty eyes with sticky pus on the lashes, itching or watering, usually in both eyes | Treated online | Conjunctivitis |
| Itchy eyes and eye allergy | Itchy, red, watery eyes, worse in the pollen season or around pets and dust | Treated online | Itchy Eyes |
| Dry eye syndrome | Dry, gritty, sore or itchy eyes, worse with screens, wind, heating or air conditioning | Treated online | Dry Eye Syndrome |
| Blepharitis | Itchy, sore, red eyelids with crusts on the lashes | Treated online | Blepharitis |
| Eye stye | A small, painful lump on the eyelid, sometimes with yellow pus; it should go within a week | Treated online | Eye Stye |
| Chalazion | A firm, usually painless lump in the eyelid that grows slowly | Treated online | Chalazion |
| Eyelid problems | Swollen, drooping, itchy or flaky eyelids, lumps on the lid, or an eyelid turning in or out | Treated online | Eyelid Problems |
| Eye twitching | A flickering eyelid, usually from tiredness, stress or caffeine; it usually stops on its own | Handled online | Eye Twitching |
| Burst blood vessel | A bright red patch on the white of the eye, usually painless, that fades on its own | Handled online | Burst Blood Vessel in the Eye |
| Eye strain | Tired, sore eyes and headaches after screens, reading or long drives, easing with rest | Handled online | Eye Strain |
| Snow blindness | Painful eyes that start well after strong sun on snow, water or sand, usually better in a day or two | Treated online | Snow Blindness |
| Pinguecula and pterygium | A yellowish bump or a fleshy growth on the white of the eye, linked to years of sunlight | Partly online | Pinguecula and Pterygium |
| Scratched eye | Pain, watering and sensitivity to light after grit, a fingernail or a branch caught the eye; most heal in 24 to 48 hours | Partly online | Scratched Eye (Corneal Abrasion) |
| Glaucoma | Usually no symptoms at first; acute glaucoma causes sudden, intense pain with a red eye | Partly online | Glaucoma |
| Blurred vision | Blurring or double vision, from needing glasses or dry eyes to emergencies when it comes on suddenly | Assessed online | Blurred Vision |
| Eye floaters and flashes | Dots, lines or cobwebs drifting across your vision, or flashes of light; new ones need an urgent eye check | Assessed online | Eye Floaters and Flashes |
| Keratitis and uveitis | A painful red eye with sensitivity to light and blurred vision; both need an urgent eye examination | Assessed online | Keratitis Uveitis |
What each online-care label means is explained under online care for eye problems.
Which eye problems are emergencies?
Sudden loss of vision, a dark shadow or curtain across your vision, a painful red eye with blurred vision, a chemical in the eye, and an injury from something sharp or fast are emergencies: call 112. They can mean a detached retina, acute glaucoma, a serious infection or inflammation of the eye, or a stroke, and fast treatment protects your sight.
| Warning sign | What it can mean | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes, even if it comes back | A stroke, a detached retina, or giant cell arteritis | Call 112 |
| A dark shadow or curtain moving across your vision, or flashes of light with a shadow | A detached retina | Call 112 |
| Sudden, intense eye pain with a red eye, blurred vision, coloured rings around lights, a headache or vomiting | Acute glaucoma | Call 112 |
| A red eye that hurts to look at light, or with any change in your sight | Keratitis, uveitis or acute glaucoma | Call 112 |
| A chemical in the eye | A chemical injury | Rinse with clean water that is not hot for at least 20 minutes, and call 112 |
| Something sharp pierced the eye, or something hit it at high speed | A penetrating eye injury | Call 112 |
| Blurred or double vision with a drooping face, weakness in an arm or leg, or slurred speech | A stroke | Call 112 |
| One pupil bigger than the other, or very dark red eyes | A problem that needs emergency assessment | Call 112 |
| A swollen, red eyelid with pain or blurred vision when you move the eye, or an eye that bulges | An infection spreading around the eye (orbital cellulitis) | Call 112 |
| Floaters or flashes for the first time, or a sudden increase in them | Usually a harmless change in the gel inside the eye, sometimes a tear in the retina | Get urgent medical advice |
| A painful red eye in a contact lens wearer | An infection of the cornea (keratitis) | Get urgent medical advice |
| Pain when moving the eye, with blurred vision or faded colours | Optic neuritis | Get urgent medical advice |
| Over 50, a new headache with a tender scalp or jaw pain when eating | Giant cell arteritis, which can cause blindness if not treated quickly | Get urgent medical advice; call 112 for sudden loss of vision |
| An eye injury that is not getting better after 24 hours | A scratch that is not healing, or something still in the eye | Get urgent medical advice |
Do not drive yourself to an emergency department with a sudden change in your vision or severe eye pain: ask someone to drive you, or call 112. Take the medicines and eye drops you use with you.
What are the most common eye problems?
Common everyday eye problems in adults are red eyes from conjunctivitis, allergy or a burst blood vessel, dry eyes, blepharitis, styes and eye strain. The leading causes of poor vision worldwide are uncorrected refractive errors, such as short sight, and cataracts.
The most common causes of a red eye
Conjunctivitis is the most common cause of a red eye, followed by a burst blood vessel and a scratch on the cornea. Corneal scratches alone make up about 8% of eye problems seen by family doctors. The red eye guide sorts the causes by their warning signs.
The leading causes of poor vision
| Cause | People affected worldwide | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Presbyopia | 826 million (near vision) | Difficulty focusing up close with age, corrected with glasses |
| Cataract | 94 million | Clouding of the lens, treated with an operation |
| Refractive error | 88.4 million | Short or long sight and astigmatism, corrected with glasses or lenses |
| Age-related macular degeneration | 8 million | Distorted or blurred central vision, more common with age |
| Glaucoma | 7.7 million | Damage to the optic nerve, usually from raised pressure in the eye |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 3.9 million | Damage to the retina from diabetes |
Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a near or distance vision impairment, and for at least 1 billion of them it could have been prevented or has not yet been treated. Some, such as glaucoma, are usually found at a routine eye test before they cause symptoms.
Why are my eyes sore? Causes of eye pain
Sore, gritty eyes usually come from dry eyes, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, eye strain or something in the eye. Pain deep in the eye with redness, blurred vision or sensitivity to light is different: it can mean keratitis, uveitis or acute glaucoma, and needs urgent care.
| What the pain is like | Common causes | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| Gritty, burning or itchy | Dry eyes, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, allergy | Usually treated online |
| Sharp pain and watering after something went into the eye | A scratch or grit on the eye | Rinse with clean water; call 112 for a chemical or a high-speed injury |
| A tender lump on the eyelid | A stye; a chalazion is usually painless | Warm compresses; usually treated online |
| Aching, tired eyes after screens or reading | Eye strain | Breaks and a better set-up; handled online |
| Pain around the eyes, cheeks or forehead with a blocked nose | Sinusitis | Usually treated online |
| Pain behind the eye with a throbbing headache | Migraine and other headaches behind the eyes | Usually treated online |
| Pain when moving the eye, with blurred vision or faded colours | Optic neuritis; see blurred vision | Get urgent medical advice |
| Deep pain with a red eye, blurred vision or sensitivity to light | Keratitis, uveitis or acute glaucoma | An urgent eye examination; call 112 for sudden loss of vision or severe pain with vomiting |
How can I stop eye pain quickly?
Treat the cause. Rinse out grit or a chemical with clean water, hold a cold flannel on sore, itchy eyes for a few minutes, use lubricating drops for dryness, and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain. Do not rub the eye, and take out contact lenses. Severe pain, pain with blurred vision, or pain after an injury needs urgent care.
Can stress cause eye problems?
Yes. Stress and tiredness are common triggers of a twitching eyelid, and they add to eye strain. Neither causes lasting harm, and the eye twitching page covers the rarer twitches that need a specialist.
Eye tests: how often, and what they find
Most adults should have an eye test every 2 years, or more often if an optometrist advises it. An eye test checks your vision and the health of your eyes, and finds conditions such as glaucoma, which causes no symptoms at first.
- Who benefits most: in the UK, NHS eye tests are free for people aged 60 or over, people with diabetes or glaucoma, and people aged 40 or over whose parent, brother, sister or child has glaucoma, among others.
- Screen workers: across the EU, people who use a screen for work are entitled to an eye test before starting screen work, at regular intervals, and if they have problems with their vision, under Directive 90/270/EEC.
- Diabetes: diabetes can damage the retina (diabetic retinopathy), one of the leading causes of vision impairment, so keep up the eye checks you are offered.
- Glaucoma in the family: glaucoma runs in families, and finding it early slows the damage, so tell your optometrist if a close relative has it.
An eye test is done in person by an optometrist. A doctor by video can help you decide how soon you need one, and whether a symptom needs an optician, an eye clinic or emergency care.
Contact lenses: eye problems to know about
A painful red eye in a contact lens wearer needs an eye examination promptly, because it can be an infection of the cornea (keratitis). Keeping lenses away from water, not sleeping in them, and replacing the case at least every 3 months lower the risk.
- Wash your hands with soap and water before handling lenses.
- Keep lenses away from all water: take them out before swimming or showering.
- Do not sleep in lenses unless your optician has told you to.
- Store lenses in fresh solution, never water, and do not mix fresh solution with old.
- Replace the case at least once every 3 months, and replace lenses on the schedule your optician gives you.
- Take your lenses out and get advice if your eye is uncomfortable, red or painful.
Leave lenses out while you have conjunctivitis or an eye injury, and after a scratch on the cornea throw away the lenses you were wearing and do not wear new ones until it has healed. The keratitis page covers infections linked to lenses.
Eye problems in Europe: sun, snow, pollen and travel
Strong sun on snow, water and sand can burn the surface of the eyes, years of sunlight cause growths such as a pterygium, and hay fever, which is usually worse between late March and September, causes itchy, watery eyes. Wraparound sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB light protect the eyes whenever the UV index is 3 or above.
| When or where | Eye problem | Prevention | Read more |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late March to September | Itchy, watery eyes from pollen | Wraparound sunglasses outdoors, and antihistamines from a pharmacist | Itchy eyes Hay fever |
| Ski slopes and snowfields | Snow blindness | Sunglasses or goggles that block 99% or more of UV light | Snow Blindness |
| Beaches, boats and outdoor work in strong sun | Pinguecula and pterygium | Wraparound sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat when the UV index is 3 or above | Pinguecula and Pterygium |
| Swimming pools, lakes and the sea | Red, irritated eyes; infections in contact lens wearers | Take contact lenses out before swimming | Red Eye Keratitis |
| Long drives and long hours at a screen | Tired eyes and eye strain | Regular breaks and the 20-20-20 rule | Eye Strain Dry Eye Syndrome |
The Climate Health Index gives daily UV and pollen scores for European cities. Across the EU, 112 is the emergency number for a sudden loss of vision, a chemical in the eye or a serious eye injury.
How to look after your eyes
These habits prevent many eye problems, and they are what a doctor usually suggests alongside any treatment:
- Have regular eye tests Every 2 years for most adults, or as your optometrist advises, even if your eyes feel fine.
- Protect them from the sun Wraparound sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB light, and a broad-brimmed hat.
- Wear eye protection Safety glasses or goggles with power tools and when working with metal, wood or chemicals, and in contact sports.
- Rest your eyes at a screen Every 20 minutes, look at something about 6 metres away for 20 seconds.
Wash your hands before touching your eyes or your lenses, and do not share towels or flannels with someone who has a stye or an eye infection.
When should I see a doctor about an eye problem?
Book a consultation if:
- conjunctivitis has not cleared up within 7 days
- a stye has not improved within a few weeks
- dry eyes have not improved after a few weeks of home treatment
- itchy eyes are not getting better with medicines from a pharmacy
- an eyelid has been twitching for more than 2 weeks
- your eyes are tired and sore every day despite breaks from screens
- you have a growth on the white of the eye that you have not had checked
- you are not sure what is wrong with your eye, or whether you need an eye examination
When to get in-person care
Call 112 or go to an emergency department now for:
- sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes, even if it comes back
- a dark shadow or curtain moving across your vision, or flashes of light with a shadow
- a painful red eye with blurred vision, or a red eye that hurts to look at light
- sudden, intense eye pain with coloured rings around lights, a headache or vomiting
- a chemical in the eye: rinse it with clean water for at least 20 minutes while you wait
- something that has pierced the eye or hit it at high speed
- blurred or double vision with a drooping face, weakness or slurred speech
Get medical advice the same day for:
- floaters or flashes for the first time, or a sudden increase in them
- a red, painful eye if you wear contact lenses
- pain when moving the eye, or colours looking faded
- a new headache with a tender scalp or jaw pain over 50
- an eye injury that is not getting better after 24 hours
- a swollen, red, hot eyelid with a high temperature
Mobi Doctor consultations are for adults aged 18 and over. A child who is unwell needs a paediatrician or a local doctor in person, and emergency signs in a child mean 112.
Can an online doctor treat eye problems?
Yes, for most. Many eye problems are recognised from what you describe and what the doctor can see on camera: redness, discharge, swollen eyelids, a lump or a twitch. Of the 19 eye conditions covered on Mobi Doctor, 9 are usually treated online and 3 more are usually managed online, 63% in all; 3 are partly treated online, and 4, blurred vision, new floaters and flashes, keratitis and uveitis, are assessed online and need an eye examination in person. The doctor tells you when you need an eye test, an examination or emergency care.
What the doctor can do online
The doctor listens, looks at any photos you share and decides with you what helps. If a medicine is the right answer, the doctor prescribes it. If you need an examination, a test or urgent care, the doctor tells you where to go.
- Warning signs checked first Sudden changes in your vision, a painful red eye, a chemical or an injury are checked first, and you are sent to the right care if any is likely.
- Your eye seen on camera Redness, discharge, eyelid swelling, lumps and growths can be seen by video in good light, and clear photos help.
- Treatment that suits you Before suggesting any drops, the doctor asks about contact lenses, pregnancy, your other medicines and conditions.
- The right place for the rest Whether you need an optician, an eye clinic or emergency care, and how soon.
What still needs in-person care
- an eye examination with a slit lamp, a dye test for a scratch on the cornea, or an eye pressure check
- eye tests for glasses or contact lenses
- removing something stuck in the eye
- laser treatment and operations, such as for glaucoma, a chalazion or a pterygium
- emergency care for sudden loss of vision, a painful red eye with blurred vision, chemicals and serious injuries
What the online-care labels mean
| Label | What it means | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Treated online | Usually assessed and treated by video, with a prescription when one is needed | 9, including conjunctivitis, styes, blepharitis and itchy eyes |
| Handled online | Usually managed online with advice, self-care and treatment when it helps | 3: eye twitching, eye strain and a burst blood vessel |
| Partly online | Symptoms and treatment can be reviewed by video, but the diagnosis or treatment also needs an eye examination or a specialist in person | 3: glaucoma, pinguecula and pterygium, and a scratched eye |
| Assessed online | Assessed by video, and the doctor tells you where to go and how soon; the eye examination and treatment happen in person | 4: blurred vision, eye floaters and flashes, keratitis and uveitis |
Not sure what is wrong with your eye? A doctor can help you work it out in one consultation.
See available times →Eye health tools
Free tools on Mobi Doctor:
- Symptom NavigatorPick a body area, including the eyes, or type a symptom to find the right page
- Climate Health IndexDaily heat, UV, pollen and air quality scores for European cities
- European Travel Health IndexDestinations rated on summer heat, mosquitoes, tap water and access to doctors
- Medicine Shortage TrackerLive shortage reports for medicines across Europe, from official registers
All eye problems
Most of these can be assessed and treated online. Each page covers the symptoms, causes and treatment, and the signs that need in-person care.
Red, sore and itchy eyes
- Red EyeCauses of a red eye, and the warning signs
- ConjunctivitisRed, sticky or watery eyes
- Itchy EyesEye allergies, hay fever and itchy eyelids
- Dry Eye SyndromeDry, gritty, burning eyes
- Burst Blood Vessel in the EyeA bright red patch on the white of the eye
- Pinguecula and PterygiumGrowths on the white of the eye
Eyelids
Injuries and sun
Vision changes
Inflammation and pressure inside the eye
How Mobi Doctor works
- Book a time that suits you: daily 7am–11pm CET. You can see a doctor over video, usually within 15 minutes. No subscription, and the exact price is shown before you pay.
- Speak to a licensed doctor about your eyes: show your eye on camera in good light, and say when it started, whether your vision has changed, and whether you wear contact lenses.
- Leave with a plan: what to do, what to use and for how long, and which signs mean you should be seen in person. If the doctor prescribes, use the prescription at a pharmacy near you.
No sign-up needed
Frequently asked questions about eye problems
What are the most common eye problems?
Common everyday eye problems in adults are conjunctivitis, eye allergies, dry eyes, blepharitis, styes, a burst blood vessel and eye strain. Worldwide, the leading causes of poor vision are uncorrected refractive errors, such as short sight, and cataracts, followed by age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.
What are the signs of a serious eye problem?
Sudden loss of vision, a dark shadow or curtain across your vision, a painful red eye with blurred vision or sensitivity to light, coloured rings around lights with eye pain and vomiting, and blurred or double vision with weakness or slurred speech. Call 112 for any of these, and after a chemical splash or an injury from something sharp or fast.
Why are my eyes sore?
Usually because of dry eyes, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, an allergy, eye strain or something in the eye. Deep pain with redness, blurred vision or sensitivity to light is different and needs an urgent eye examination, because it can be keratitis, uveitis or acute glaucoma.
How can I stop eye pain quickly?
Treat the cause: rinse out grit or a chemical with clean water, hold a cold flannel on sore, itchy eyes, use lubricating drops for dryness and take paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain. Do not rub the eye. Severe pain, pain with blurred vision or pain after an injury needs urgent care.
Why is my eye red?
Most red eyes come from conjunctivitis, an allergy, dry eyes, blepharitis or a burst blood vessel. A red eye with pain, sensitivity to light or any change in your sight needs emergency care, and a painful red eye in a contact lens wearer needs an urgent eye examination.
Are floaters and flashes serious?
Usually not, especially if you have had them a long time and they are not getting worse. New floaters or flashes, or a sudden increase, need an urgent eye check, and a dark shadow or curtain across your vision is an emergency: call 112.
How often should I have an eye test?
Most adults should have an eye test every 2 years, or more often if an optometrist advises it. An eye test also checks the health of your eyes and can find glaucoma, which causes no symptoms at first.
Can stress cause eye problems?
Stress and tiredness are common triggers of a twitching eyelid and add to eye strain. These problems are not harmful and usually settle with rest, sleep and less caffeine.
Can I wear contact lenses with an eye problem?
Not while you have conjunctivitis, an eye injury or a red, painful eye. Take your lenses out and get advice, because a painful red eye in a lens wearer can be an infection of the cornea.
How do I protect my eyes from the sun?
Wear wraparound sunglasses that block 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB light and a broad-brimmed hat when the UV index is 3 or above. Take extra care on snow, water and sand, which reflect UV light.
Which eye problems can a pharmacist help with?
A pharmacist can suggest drops or antihistamines for conjunctivitis and eye allergies, and lubricating drops for dry eyes, and paracetamol or ibuprofen ease the pain of a stye. See a doctor if your symptoms do not improve, or straight away for the warning signs.
Can an online doctor treat eye problems?
Yes, for most. Of the 19 eye conditions covered on Mobi Doctor, 12 are usually treated or managed online. A doctor can look at your eye by video, check the warning signs, prescribe treatment when it is needed, and tell you when you need an eye examination or emergency care.
- Red eye, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 27 October 2025.
- Vision loss, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 28 August 2025.
- Eye injuries, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 12 March 2026.
- Floaters and flashes in the eyes, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 20 June 2023.
- Detached retina (retinal detachment), NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 4 August 2023.
- Conjunctivitis, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 23 April 2024.
- Blepharitis, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 12 June 2025.
- Stye, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 18 April 2024.
- Eyelid problems, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 17 November 2023.
- Dry eyes, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 6 January 2025.
- Twitching eyes and muscles, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 30 October 2023.
- Glaucoma, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 13 June 2025.
- Uveitis, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 20 March 2024.
- Hay fever, NHS, National Health Service (UK), next review due 21 March 2027.
- Stroke: symptoms, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 12 September 2024.
- Giant cell arteritis, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 14 August 2023.
- Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis), Ameer MA, Vaqar S, Savadkar A, Khazaeni B. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 2 May 2024.
- Sinusitis (sinus infection), NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 31 January 2024.
- Migraine: symptoms, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 10 March 2026.
- Visiting an optician, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 4 May 2023.
- Free NHS eye tests and optical vouchers, NHS, National Health Service (UK), reviewed 19 July 2023.
- Blindness and vision impairment: fact sheet, WHO, World Health Organization, 10 February 2026.
- Ultraviolet radiation: fact sheet, WHO, World Health Organization, 21 June 2022.
- Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care, Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T. American Family Physician, 2010.
- Evaluation and management of corneal abrasions, Wipperman JL, Dorsch JN. American Family Physician, 2013.
- Chalazion, Jordan GA, Beier K. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 31 July 2023.
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage, Zeppieri M, Noohani T. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 15 September 2025.
- Pinguecula, Somnath A, Tripathy K. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 25 August 2023.
- Optic neuritis, Guier CP, Kaur K, Stokkermans TJ. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 20 January 2025.
- Posterior vitreous detachment, StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, updated 25 August 2023.
- Orbital cellulitis, NHS Lothian antimicrobial prescribing guidance, Right Decisions (NHS Scotland), reviewed 1 February 2024.
- Eyestrain: symptoms and causes, Mayo Clinic (US), 2 July 2024.
- Computer vision syndrome, American Optometric Association (US).
- What is photokeratitis, including snow blindness?, American Academy of Ophthalmology, 16 May 2023.
- Home remedies for bloodshot eyes, and when to see a doctor, American Academy of Ophthalmology, 7 April 2023.
- Healthy habits for contact lens wearers, CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 May 2025.
- Directive 90/270/EEC: display screen equipment, EU-OSHA, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
This page is for information only and is not a substitute for a medical consultation. Guideline links are provided for transparency; treatment decisions are made with your doctor.
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