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Medically Reviewed

By

Chrysoula I. Liakou

MD, PhD, Internal Medicine Specialist and
Cancer Immunology Researcher.

What Is Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis)?

Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is a common condition that happens when your body reacts to allergens in the air, like pollen, dust mites, mould, or pet dander. Even though it's called hay fever, it doesn’t have anything to do with hay, and it doesn’t cause a fever.

When allergens enter your nose or mouth, your immune system may overreact, releasing a histamine chemical. This causes symptoms similar to a cold, such as sneezing, a stuffy or runny nose, itchy eyes, and sinus pressure. However, unlike a cold, hay fever isn’t caused by a virus and isn’t contagious.

The symptoms can be mild or severe, depending on how sensitive you are to allergens. Some people experience hay fever only during certain seasons when pollen levels are high, while others have symptoms year-round because of indoor allergens like dust and pet fur.

Common Symptoms of Hay Fever and Seasonal Allergies

Hay fever symptoms can be uncomfortable and make everyday activities harder. Depending on your allergy, these symptoms can start at different times of the year.

Common Symptoms:

  • Sneezing

  • Stuffy or runny nose

  • Itchy nose, throat, or eyes

  • Red or watery eyes

  • Frequent need to clear your throat

  • Feeling like you have a constant cold

  • Snoring during sleep

Less Common Symptoms:

  • Interrupted sleep, leading to daytime tiredness

  • Difficulty concentrating

  • Frequent headaches or facial pain from sinus pressure

  • Sore throats, often from mucus dripping down the throat (postnasal drip)

  • Loss of smell or taste

  • Sinus infections more common in adults

  • Ear infections, often seen in children

Severe Symptoms:

  • Sweating

  • Facial pain from blocked sinuses

  • Itchiness spreads from the throat to the nose and ears

  • Tiredness, fatigue, or irritability

  • Insomnia

Asthma Symptoms (if affected):

  • More wheezing or breathlessness

  • Increased asthma attacks when hay fever symptoms are present

These symptoms can vary depending on the season and your allergy.

What Causes Hay Fever?

Hay fever is caused by your immune system reacting to harmless substances called allergens. These are tiny particles in the air that you can breathe in through your nose or mouth. If you have hay fever, your body mistakenly sees these allergens as dangerous and releases chemicals like histamine. This leads to the symptoms we often experience, like a runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes.

Here are some common causes of hay fever:

  • Pollen: Trees, grasses, and weeds release pollen into the air, especially in spring and summer. High pollen counts often make symptoms worse.

  • Dust Mites: These tiny bugs live in bedding, carpets, and furniture. Their waste can quickly become airborne, causing allergies.

  • Pet Dander: Animals like cats and dogs shed small skin flakes, which can trigger allergies for some people.

  • Mould Spores: Mould releases spores that can float in the air, especially in damp or humid areas. Breathing these in can lead to hay fever symptoms.

  • Air Pollution: Car exhaust, smoke, and pollution can worsen symptoms.

Your genes can also affect your risk. If your family has a history of allergies, you may also be more likely to develop hay fever.

Effective Treatments for Hay Fever

Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, can be managed in several ways. The proper treatment depends on what triggers your symptoms and their severity. Here are some standard options:

  • Avoid Allergens: One of the easiest ways to manage hay fever is to limit contact with allergens. For pollen allergies, stay indoors when pollen counts are high, use air conditioning instead of opening windows, and avoid grassy areas if you’re sensitive to grass pollen. Wearing sunglasses and washing your face and hands after being outside can also help.

  • Medications: There are different types of medicines to relieve symptoms.

    • Antihistamines: These block histamine, a chemical your body releases during an allergic reaction. They help reduce sneezing, itching, and a runny nose. You can find them as tablets, syrups, or nasal sprays.

    • Nasal Corticosteroids: These sprays effectively reduce inflammation in your nose. They work best when used regularly.

    • Decongestants relieve a stuffy nose but should only be used short-term to avoid rebound congestion.

  • Nasal Irrigation: Rinsing your nasal passages with a saline solution can flush out mucus and allergens, offering quick relief. It’s a simple, non-medicated option.

  • Immunotherapy: If medicines aren’t effective, allergy shots or tablets under the tongue can help. This long-term treatment helps your body gradually tolerate allergens.


Common Hay Fever Treatments and Their Benefits

Treatment Type Example How It Helps
Antihistamines Cetirizine, Loratadine Reduce sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes
Nasal Corticosteroids Fluticasone, Mometasone Ease nasal inflammation and congestion
Decongestants Pseudoephedrine, Oxymetazoline Clear blocked sinuses and relieve pressure
Nasal Irrigation Saline sprays or rinses Flush out allergens and soothe nasal passages
Immunotherapy Allergy shots or tablets Build long-term tolerance to allergens

Always talk to a doctor about which treatments are safe for you, especially if you’re pregnant or have other health conditions.

How To Prevent Hay Fever Symptoms Naturally

You can’t stop hay fever from happening, but there are ways to make it less bothersome. Here are some simple tips to help:

  • Don’t Touch Your Face: Avoid rubbing your eyes or nose to keep from making your symptoms worse.

  • Keep Windows Shut: During spring, summer, and early autumn, keep windows closed at home and in the car to prevent pollen from entering.

  • Cover Your Bedding: Use unique covers on pillows and mattresses to protect against dust mites, which can make allergies worse.

  • Limit Pet Access: Keep pets off your bed and furniture. Close bedroom doors so pets don’t spread dander where you sleep.

  • Use Air Filters: Put filters in your vacuum and air conditioner to trap pollen, dust, and other allergens from the air.

  • Wash Your Hands Often: To get rid of allergens, make sure to clean your hands, especially after playing with pets.

  • Wear Outdoor Gear: When outside, wear a hat and sunglasses to keep pollen away from your eyes. Change your clothes and shower when you come inside to wash off pollen.

These tips can make a big difference in controlling your hay fever. Mobi Doctor can help you manage hay fever symptoms with personalised online consultations. Get advice, treatment plans, and prescriptions from the comfort of your home, tailored to make allergy relief easy and effective.

FAQ

Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to pollen, dust mites, mould, or pet dander. It causes sneezing, congestion, itchy eyes, and fatigue.

Yes. With Mobi Doctor, you can consult an online doctor who provides expert advice, allergy medications, and lifestyle guidance to control your symptoms.

Sneezing, runny nose, itchy or watery eyes, nasal congestion, fatigue, and sinus pressure are the most common signs of hay fever.

Doctors may recommend antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, or decongestants. For severe cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots or tablets) can provide lasting relief.

Keep windows closed, use air filters, wash hands after going outside, and wear sunglasses to reduce pollen exposure.

No. Hay fever is caused by allergens, while a cold is caused by a virus. Hay fever isn’t contagious and often lasts longer than a cold.

If your symptoms persist despite over-the-counter treatments or affect your sleep and daily activities, book an online consultation for tailored care.


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