● Summer 2026 · 30 destinations

The European Travel Health Index

Where in Europe is healthiest for a summer trip — and where do the season’s real risks lie? We scored 30 destinations across eight health metrics, from record heat and the northward march of the tiger mosquito to tap water, doctors and the number you dial in an emergency.

✚ Medically reviewed by Dr. Chrysoula I. Liakou ·Compiled from ECDC, WHO, Eurostat, PGEU & NHS Fit for Travel Updated 7 August 2026 · vector & heat data re-checked weekly in season

#1 Iceland

Healthiest destination for summer travel

destinations with High or Very High summer heat

countries with local West Nile virus cases in 2024–25

now have the tiger mosquito established

EU-registered doctorsPrescriptions valid EU-wideNo sign-up, GP or insurance neededFor tourists, expats & residentsFull refund if we can't help

The map — Europe at a glance

Each tile is a destination, placed roughly geographically. Recolour it by overall health, heat risk or mosquito risk — and tap any tile to jump to the detail.

The full ranking — all 30 destinations

Higher overall score = healthier and safer for a summer traveller. Scored 0–100. Tap a country for its full guide.

#	Destination	Score	Rating	Summer heat	Mosquito / vector	Tap water
1	🇮🇸 Iceland	88.9	Very healthy	Very Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
2	🇳🇴 Norway	86.2	Very healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
3	🇫🇮 Finland	85.2	Very healthy	Very Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
4	🇸🇪 Sweden	84.9	Very healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
5	🇩🇰 Denmark	84.6	Very healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
6	🇮🇪 Ireland	84.2	Very healthy	Very Low	Very Low	Generally safe
7	🇪🇪 Estonia	83.8	Very healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
8	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	83.0	Very healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
9	🇧🇪 Belgium	81.1	Very healthy	Low	Low	Safe to drink
10	🇵🇱 Poland	79.9	Healthy	Low	Very Low	Safe to drink
11	🇱🇺 Luxembourg	79.4	Healthy	Low	Low	Safe to drink
12	🇳🇱 Netherlands	79.3	Healthy	Low	Low	Safe to drink
13	🇨🇭 Switzerland	77.4	Healthy	Low	Moderate	Safe to drink
14	🇩🇪 Germany	77.4	Healthy	Low	Moderate	Safe to drink
15	🇦🇹 Austria	74.4	Healthy	Moderate	Moderate	Safe to drink
16	🇨🇿 Czechia	71.6	Healthy	Moderate	Low	Safe to drink
17	🇸🇮 Slovenia	69.4	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Safe to drink
18	🇸🇰 Slovakia	68.3	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Safe to drink
19	🇵🇹 Portugal	68.2	Moderate	High	Moderate	Safe to drink
20	🇫🇷 France	66.0	Moderate	Moderate	Very High	Safe to drink
21	🇭🇺 Hungary	66.0	Moderate	Moderate	High	Safe to drink
22	🇲🇹 Malta	64.0	Moderate	High	Moderate	Generally safe
23	🇬🇷 Greece	63.3	Moderate	Very High	High	Generally safe
24	🇨🇾 Cyprus	60.6	Moderate	Very High	Moderate	Generally safe
25	🇪🇸 Spain	60.1	Moderate	High	High	Generally safe
26	🇮🇹 Italy	59.9	Some risks	High	Very High	Safe to drink
27	🇭🇷 Croatia	59.7	Some risks	High	High	Safe to drink
28	🇧🇬 Bulgaria	59.0	Some risks	Moderate	High	Generally safe
29	🇷🇴 Romania	52.7	Some risks	High	High	Generally safe
30	🇹🇷 Turkey	37.3	Higher risk	Very High	High	Bottled advised

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Every destination in detail

Tap any destination for the answers travellers search for — tap water, mosquitoes, heat, food, vaccinations, care and the emergency number.

Risk scale:Very lowLow ModerateHighVery high

1🇮🇸IcelandNordic & Baltic88.9Very healthy

Summer heat: Very LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Very LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Iceland?: Safe to drink Pristine (only a sulphur smell on the hot tap).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Iceland?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Iceland get in summer?: Very Low July average high: 15°C in Reykjavík (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Cool maritime summers; record high only 25.7 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Iceland?: Very Low Salmonellosis notifications about 14.6 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Iceland?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Iceland?: Good 4.58 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 17 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Iceland?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Iceland travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

2🇳🇴NorwayNordic & Baltic86.2Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Very LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Norway?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Norway?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Norway get in summer?: Low July average high: 23°C in Oslo (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Cool; brief heat spells inland, record 34.6 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Norway?: Very Low Salmonellosis notifications about 7.2 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Norway?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (southern coast). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Norway?: Good 4.98 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 20 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Norway?: 112 Dial 112 (medical 113, fire 110). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Norway travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

3🇫🇮FinlandNordic & Baltic85.2Very healthy

Summer heat: Very LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Very LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: LowerPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Finland?: Safe to drink Among the world's best tap water.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Finland?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Finland get in summer?: Very Low July average high: 21°C in Helsinki (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mild; occasional short warm spells, record 33.2 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Finland?: Very Low Salmonellosis notifications about 8.6 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Finland?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (S coast, Åland). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Finland?: Lower 2.88 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 15 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Finland?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Finland travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

4🇸🇪SwedenNordic & Baltic84.9Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Very LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Sweden?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Sweden?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Sweden get in summer?: Low July average high: 24°C in Stockholm (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mild summers; heatwaves rare, record ~36 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Sweden?: Very Low Salmonellosis notifications about 9.0 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Sweden?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (Stockholm/SE coast). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Sweden?: Good 4.47 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 13 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Sweden?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Sweden travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

5🇩🇰DenmarkNordic & Baltic84.6Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Very LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Denmark?: Safe to drink Untreated groundwater — excellent quality.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Denmark?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Denmark get in summer?: Low July average high: 22°C in Copenhagen (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Cool maritime; record 35.6 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Denmark?: Very Low Salmonellosis notifications about 11.8 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Denmark?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (Bornholm). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Denmark?: Good 4.53 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 9 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Denmark?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Denmark travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

6🇮🇪IrelandWestern Europe84.2Very healthy

Summer heat: Very LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Generally safeDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Ireland?: Generally safe Potable, but occasional local boil-water notices (cryptosporidium).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Ireland?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Ireland get in summer?: Very Low July average high: 20°C in Dublin (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Cool & wet; heatwaves very rare, record 33.0 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Ireland?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 3.5 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Ireland?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Ireland?: Moderate 3.99 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 36 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Ireland?: 112 Dial 112 or 999. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Ireland travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

7🇪🇪EstoniaNordic & Baltic83.8Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Estonia?: Safe to drink Potable (Tallinn); high iron/taste in some areas.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Estonia?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Estonia get in summer?: Low July average high: 22°C in Tallinn (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mild Baltic summers; record 34.3 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Estonia?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 8.4 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Estonia?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Estonia?: Moderate 3.49 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 36 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Estonia?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Estonia travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

8🇬🇧United KingdomWestern Europe83.0Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in United Kingdom?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (strict standards).
Are mosquitoes a risk in United Kingdom?: Very Low Absent (sporadic detections, SE England). Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does United Kingdom get in summer?: Low July average high: 24°C in London (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mostly mild; exceptional 40.2 °C in July 2022.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in United Kingdom?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 18.0 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for United Kingdom?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in United Kingdom?: Moderate 3.23 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 20 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in United Kingdom?: 112 Dial 999 (112 also works). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full United Kingdom travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

9🇧🇪BelgiumWestern Europe81.1Very healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Belgium?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (taste/hardness varies).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Belgium?: Low Established (localised; spreading). Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Belgium get in summer?: Low July average high: 23°C in Brussels (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mild; exceptional 2019 national record 41.8 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Belgium?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 18.0 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Belgium?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (localised). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Belgium?: Moderate 3.39 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 40 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Belgium?: 112 Dial 112 (police 101). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Belgium travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

10🇵🇱PolandCentral & Eastern79.9Healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: Very LowFood & gastro: Low–ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Hepatitis A (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Poland?: Safe to drink Meets EU standards; older buildings' pipes → many still drink bottled.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Poland?: Very Low Absent. Mosquito-borne disease risk is negligible.
How hot does Poland get in summer?: Low July average high: 26°C in Warsaw (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Warm continental; record 38.0 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Poland?: Low–Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 20.4 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Poland?: Hepatitis A (+TBE) Hepatitis A; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Poland?: Moderate 3.42 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 34 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Poland?: 112 Dial 112 (police 997). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Poland travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

11🇱🇺LuxembourgWestern Europe79.4Healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: LowerPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Luxembourg?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Luxembourg?: Low Introduced (localised). Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Luxembourg get in summer?: Low July average high: 24°C in Luxembourg City (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Temperate; record 39.0 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Luxembourg?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 21.0 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Luxembourg?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Luxembourg?: Lower 3.0 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 15 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Luxembourg?: 112 Dial 112 (police 113). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Luxembourg travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

12🇳🇱NetherlandsWestern Europe79.3Healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: LowFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Netherlands?: Safe to drink Among the world's best; unchlorinated.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Netherlands?: Low Introduced (localised). Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Netherlands get in summer?: Low July average high: 22°C in Amsterdam (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Mild; exceptional 2019 spike to 40.4 °C nationally, record 36.3 °C in city.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Netherlands?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 7.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Netherlands?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (localised). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Netherlands?: Moderate 3.87 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 11 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Netherlands?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Netherlands travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

13🇨🇭SwitzerlandWestern Europe77.4Healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Switzerland?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere; public fountains potable unless signed.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Switzerland?: Moderate Established (Ticino/south). Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Switzerland get in summer?: Low July average high: 24°C in Zurich (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Alpine-moderated; hotter in low valleys, national record 41.5 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Switzerland?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 26.0 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Switzerland?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Switzerland?: Good 4.56 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 21 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Switzerland?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 144). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Switzerland travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

14🇩🇪GermanyWestern Europe77.4Healthy

Summer heat: LowMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Germany?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (strict standards).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Germany?: Moderate Established (localised SW; spreading). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Germany get in summer?: Low July average high: 25°C in Berlin (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Temperate; occasional heat spikes, national record 41.2 °C (2019).
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Germany?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 9.8 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Germany?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips (S & E states). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Germany?: Good 4.59 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 21 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Germany?: 112 Dial 112 (police 110). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Germany travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

15🇦🇹AustriaWestern Europe74.4Healthy

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ExcellentPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Austria?: Safe to drink Alpine spring quality.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Austria?: Moderate Established (localised east). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Austria get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 27°C in Vienna (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Warm continental; record ~39 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Austria?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 11.1 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Austria?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Austria?: Excellent 5.52 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 16 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Austria?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 144). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Austria travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

16🇨🇿CzechiaCentral & Eastern71.6Healthy

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: LowFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: GoodPharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Hepatitis A (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Czechia?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (Prague included).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Czechia?: Low Introduced (localised). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Czechia get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 27°C in Prague (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Warm continental; national record 40.4 °C (2019).
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Czechia?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 93.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Czechia?: Hepatitis A (+TBE) Hepatitis A; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Czechia?: Good 4.25 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 22 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Czechia?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 155). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Czechia travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

17🇸🇮SloveniaMediterranean & Türkiye69.4Moderate

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Hepatitis A (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Slovenia?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (high quality).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Slovenia?: Moderate Established. Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Slovenia get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 27°C in Ljubljana (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Warm continental; record 37.2 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Slovenia?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 8.8 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Slovenia?: Hepatitis A (+TBE) Hepatitis A; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Slovenia?: Moderate 3.37 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 17 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Slovenia?: 112 Dial 112 (police 113). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Slovenia travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

18🇸🇰SlovakiaCentral & Eastern68.3Moderate

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Hepatitis A (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Slovakia?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Slovakia?: Moderate Established (newly, since 2024/25). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Slovakia get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 28°C in Bratislava (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot continental; national record 40.3 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Slovakia?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 81.3 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Slovakia?: Hepatitis A (+TBE) Hepatitis A; TBE (widespread) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Slovakia?: Moderate 3.76 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 40 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Slovakia?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 155). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Slovakia travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

19🇵🇹PortugalMediterranean & Türkiye68.2Moderate

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ExcellentPharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Portugal?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (earthy taste in Algarve/Madeira during drought).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Portugal?: Moderate Established (mainland; spreading north). Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Portugal get in summer?: High July average high: 28°C in Lisbon (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot, dry summers; record 44.0 °C with easterly flow.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Portugal?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 3.5 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Portugal?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Portugal?: Excellent 5.71 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 28 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Portugal?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Portugal travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

20🇫🇷FranceWestern Europe66.0Moderate

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: Very HighFood & gastro: LowTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in France?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (occasional rural chlorine taste).
Are mosquitoes a risk in France?: Very High Established (widespread). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Locally-acquired dengue/chikungunya has occurred recently. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does France get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 26°C in Paris (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Warm; south far hotter; Paris record 42.6 °C (2019). Record 2025 chikungunya season.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in France?: Low Salmonellosis notifications about 28.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for France?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for forest/outdoor trips (Alsace & east). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in France?: Moderate 3.94 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 31 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in France?: 112 Dial 112 (SAMU medical 15). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full France travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

21🇭🇺HungaryCentral & Eastern66.0Moderate

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: Low–ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LimitedVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Hungary?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (Budapest good).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Hungary?: High Established. Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Hungary get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 28°C in Budapest (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot continental summers; record 40.7 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Hungary?: Low–Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 33.9 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Hungary?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Hungary?: Moderate 3.46 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 23 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023). Community pharmacies are sparse here by density, but everyday care is strong (dispensing GPs / drugstore model).
What’s the emergency number in Hungary?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 104). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Hungary travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

22🇲🇹MaltaMediterranean & Türkiye64.0Moderate

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Generally safeDoctors: GoodPharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Malta?: Generally safe Desalinated water meets standards but salty/poor taste — most drink bottled.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Malta?: Moderate Established. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Malta get in summer?: High July average high: 32°C in Valletta (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot, humid island summers; record 43.8 °C (2021).
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Malta?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 48.2 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Malta?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Malta?: Good 4.51 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 46 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Malta?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Malta travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

23🇬🇷GreeceMediterranean & Türkiye63.3Moderate

Summer heat: Very HighMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Generally safeDoctors: ExcellentPharmacies: ExcellentVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Greece?: Generally safe Athens & mainland fine; many islands (Santorini, Mykonos) desalinated → bottled.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Greece?: High Established (widespread). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Greece get in summer?: Very High July average high: 32°C in Athens (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Extreme heat; ~47 °C in Attica (2021), regular 40 °C+ heatwaves.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Greece?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 2.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Greece?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Greece?: Excellent 6.71 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 101 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Greece?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 166). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Greece travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

24🇨🇾CyprusMediterranean & Türkiye60.6Moderate

Summer heat: Very HighMosquito / vector: ModerateFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Generally safeDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: GoodVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Cyprus?: Generally safe Urban supply potable; water scarcity & poor taste → many drink bottled.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Cyprus?: Moderate Established (newly, since 2024/25). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Cyprus get in summer?: Very High July average high: 37°C in Nicosia (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Extreme inland heat; record 46.2 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Cyprus?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 4.6 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Cyprus?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Cyprus?: Moderate 3.81 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 65 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Cyprus?: 112 Dial 112 (unified). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Cyprus travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

25🇪🇸SpainMediterranean & Türkiye60.1Moderate

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Generally safeDoctors: GoodPharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Routine onlyEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Spain?: Generally safe Potable in cities; bottled common on some coasts, Balearics & Canaries (taste/desalination).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Spain?: High Established (widespread). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Locally-acquired dengue/chikungunya has occurred recently. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Spain get in summer?: High July average high: 33°C in Madrid (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Very hot inland; Seville/Córdoba routinely 40 °C+, record 46.6 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Spain?: Moderate No single ECDC notification rate (regional surveillance). Take normal care with street food, shellfish and buffets in the heat.
Do I need vaccinations for Spain?: Routine only Routine vaccines only. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Spain?: Good 4.43 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 47 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Spain?: 112 Dial 112 (police 091). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Spain travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

26🇮🇹ItalyMediterranean & Türkiye59.9Some risks

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: Very HighFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ExcellentPharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Routine (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Italy?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere (Rome's fountains included).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Italy?: Very High Established (widespread). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Locally-acquired dengue/chikungunya has occurred recently. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Italy get in summer?: High July average high: 32°C in Rome (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot Mediterranean summers; 42.9 °C in July 2023. Most West Nile cases in Europe (2025).
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Italy?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 6.4 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Italy?: Routine (+TBE) Routine; TBE for forest/outdoor trips (NE regions). Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Italy?: Excellent 5.31 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 33 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Italy?: 112 Dial 112 (unified). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Italy travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

27🇭🇷CroatiaMediterranean & Türkiye59.7Some risks

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: ModerateTap water: Safe to drinkDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Hepatitis A (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Croatia?: Safe to drink Potable everywhere; caution on a few small islands.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Croatia?: High Established (widespread). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Croatia get in summer?: High July average high: 31°C in Split (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot, humid Adriatic coast; station record 38.8 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Croatia?: Moderate Salmonellosis notifications about 14.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Croatia?: Hepatitis A (+TBE) Hepatitis A; TBE for rural/outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Croatia?: Moderate 3.97 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 35 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Croatia?: 112 Dial 112 (ambulance 194). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Croatia travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

28🇧🇬BulgariaCentral & Eastern59.0Some risks

Summer heat: ModerateMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: Moderate–HighTap water: Generally safeDoctors: GoodPharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Hep A / Hep B (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Bulgaria?: Generally safe Urban supply potable; rural quality variable → caution.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Bulgaria?: High Established. Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Bulgaria get in summer?: Moderate July average high: 28°C in Sofia (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Elevation (550 m) moderates the capital; record 40.2 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Bulgaria?: Moderate–High Salmonellosis notifications about 3.5 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Bulgaria?: Hep A / Hep B (+TBE) Hepatitis A (Hep B for some); TBE for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Bulgaria?: Good 4.39 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 45 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Bulgaria?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Bulgaria travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

29🇷🇴RomaniaCentral & Eastern52.7Some risks

Summer heat: HighMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: Moderate–HighTap water: Generally safeDoctors: ModeratePharmacies: ModerateVaccinations: Hep A / Hep B (+TBE)Emergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Romania?: Generally safe Cities treated & potable; rural wells risky → bottled.
Are mosquitoes a risk in Romania?: High Established. Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Romania get in summer?: High July average high: 30°C in Bucharest (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Hot lowland summers; record 45.4 °C.
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Romania?: Moderate–High Salmonellosis notifications about 2.7 per 100,000 (ECDC 2021). Summer heat raises the risk of spoilage and traveller’s diarrhoea; take usual food-hygiene care.
Do I need vaccinations for Romania?: Hep A / Hep B (+TBE) Hepatitis A (Hep B for some); TBE (NW) for outdoor trips. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Romania?: Moderate 3.49 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 41 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Romania?: 112 Dial 112. 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Romania travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

30🇹🇷TurkeyMediterranean & Türkiye37.3Higher risk

Summer heat: Very HighMosquito / vector: HighFood & gastro: HighTap water: Bottled advisedDoctors: LimitedPharmacies: LowerVaccinations: Hep A + TyphoidEmergency: 112

Can you drink the tap water in Turkey?: Bottled advised Not recommended — drink bottled (Hepatitis A relevant).
Are mosquitoes a risk in Turkey?: High Established (parts: NE/Black Sea, Thrace). Locally-acquired West Nile virus cases were reported in 2024/2025. Use repellent at dawn and dusk in summer.
How hot does Turkey get in summer?: Very High July average high: 35°C in Antalya (1991–2020 normals, national met office). Very hot Mediterranean coast (Antalya 46.1 °C); Istanbul milder (~28 °C).
What’s the food and stomach-bug risk in Turkey?: High Higher gastrointestinal risk for visitors — drink bottled water, avoid ice and unpeeled produce, and choose busy, freshly-cooked food. Hepatitis A vaccination is advised.
Do I need vaccinations for Turkey?: Hep A + Typhoid Hepatitis A (most); Typhoid & Hep B for some. Plus routine MMR, tetanus-diphtheria-polio and COVID as applicable.
How easy is it to see a doctor or pharmacist in Turkey?: Limited 2.2 doctors per 1,000 people (WHO/Eurostat, 2022–2024) and 32 community pharmacies per 100,000 (PGEU/ABDA, 2023).
What’s the emergency number in Turkey?: 112 Dial 112 (unified single number). 112 reaches ambulance, police and fire across the EU/EEA, the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye.

Full Turkey travel-health guide → See a doctor online before you travel

Story angles — why this makes news every summer

1The healthy north, the risky south. The five healthiest destinations — Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark — are all Nordic: cool summers, no established mosquito-borne disease and among the world’s safest tap water.
2West Nile virus is now a mainland-Europe story. 15 of 30 countries recorded locally-acquired West Nile cases in 2024–2025 — one of the worst seasons on record, with Italy logging hundreds of cases.
3The tiger mosquito keeps moving north. 18 destinations now have Aedes albopictus established, with Cyprus and Slovakia newly added since 2024 and France recording a record local chikungunya season in 2025.
4Heat is the headline hazard. 9 destinations carry a High or Very High summer-heat rating, with inland Spain, Greece, Cyprus and the Turkish coast regularly topping 40°C.
5“Can I drink the water?” still depends where. 8 of 30 aren’t a simple yes — Greek and Maltese islands, rural Romania and Bulgaria, and especially Türkiye all come with caveats.

How we scored it

Each destination earns a 0–100 score on eight metrics (higher = safer), combined with these weights. Full rubric, raw data and sources: download the full dataset (CSV, 240 datapoints) — CC BY 4.0.

Summer heat	20%
Mosquito / vector	18%
Food & gastro safety	15%
Tap-water safety	13%
Doctor availability	12%
Pharmacy availability	10%
Vaccination simplicity	8%
Emergency access	4%

Reading the risks

Heat uses the average July high at the main destination city; hotter regions exist (Seville far exceeds Madrid; Antalya exceeds Istanbul).

Mosquito / vector combines tiger-mosquito establishment with locally-acquired West Nile virus and dengue/chikungunya in 2024–2025 — the metric that changes most, which is why we refresh it weekly.

Tap water reflects the mains supply; on many Mediterranean islands locals still drink bottled for taste even where it is treated.

This index is a general guide, not medical advice. Check NHS Fit for Travel, TravelHealthPro and ECDC for your exact destination and dates before you travel.

Frequently asked questions

Quick answers to the most common European summer travel-health questions.

Which European country is healthiest to travel to in summer 2026?

Iceland tops the European Travel Health Index with 88.9/100, followed by Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark. The five healthiest destinations are all Nordic.

Where is West Nile virus a risk in Europe?

15 of 30 countries reported locally-acquired West Nile virus cases in 2024–2025, including Italy, Greece, Spain, France, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria. 2025 was one of the worst seasons on record.

Which European countries have the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)?

The tiger mosquito is established in 18 of the 30 destinations across southern and central Europe. Cyprus and Slovakia were added since 2024; France saw a record locally-acquired chikungunya season in 2025.

Which European destinations are hottest in summer?

The highest summer-heat ratings go to Greece, Cyprus, Turkey. Inland Spain, Athens, Nicosia and the Turkish Mediterranean coast regularly exceed 40°C in heatwaves.

Can you drink the tap water in Europe?

Tap water is safe across most of Western and Northern Europe. 8 of 30 destinations carry caveats: Greek and Maltese islands and parts of Cyprus and Spain rely on bottled water for taste, rural Romania and Bulgaria vary, and in Türkiye bottled water is advised.

What is the emergency number in Europe?

112 is the single emergency number across the entire EU/EEA, and it also works in the UK, Switzerland and Türkiye, connecting you to ambulance, police and fire.

Sources

Tiger mosquito & vectors: ECDC — Aedes albopictus distribution (June 2025), West Nile & dengue surveillance 2024–2025 — source
Food & gastro: ECDC Salmonellosis AER 2021; EFSA/ECDC One Health Zoonoses 2023 — source
Doctors: WHO GHO & Eurostat physicians 2022–2024; OECD Health at a Glance: Europe 2024 — source
Pharmacies: PGEU / ABDA European pharmacy density 2023 — source
Vaccinations: NHS Fit for Travel / TravelHealthPro & CDC (incl. TBE) 2025 — source
Emergency numbers: EENA / European Commission — 112 — source
Summer heat: National meteorological offices 1991–2020 normals; WMO 2025 heat reporting — source

Reviewed by Dr. Chrysoula I. Liakou. Reference season 2024/2025; vector and heat data refreshed weekly through the summer season. Last updated 7 August 2026.

Journalists & publishers: republish this, free

Everything here is CC BY 4.0 — reuse the tables, stats or full dataset in your article, help centre or site without asking. Attribute "MobiDoctor European Travel Health Hub" with a link to this page. Writing a story? The methodology, sources and per-row verification dates are all public; corrections land within two business days via the correction loop, and the JSON feeds stay current if you'd rather pull than paste.

The map — Europe at a glance

The full ranking — all 30 destinations

Travelling this summer? Take a doctor with you.

Every destination in detail

Travel health in Iceland

Travel health in Norway

Travel health in Finland

Travel health in Sweden

Travel health in Denmark

Travel health in Ireland

Travel health in Estonia

Travel health in United Kingdom

Travel health in Belgium

Travel health in Poland

Travel health in Luxembourg

Travel health in Netherlands

Travel health in Switzerland

Travel health in Germany

Travel health in Austria

Travel health in Czechia

Travel health in Slovenia

Travel health in Slovakia

Travel health in Portugal

Travel health in France

Travel health in Hungary

Travel health in Malta

Travel health in Greece

Travel health in Cyprus

Travel health in Spain

Travel health in Italy

Travel health in Croatia

Travel health in Bulgaria

Travel health in Romania

Travel health in Turkey

Story angles — why this makes news every summer

How we scored it

Reading the risks

Frequently asked questions

Sources

Journalists & publishers: republish this, free